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      "title": "EFL, ESL and international English | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "EFL, ESL and international English: The setting affects what learners can practise beyond class. EFL often involves limited everyday exposure; ESL commonly…"
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      "path": "/tesol/resources/learning-and-teaching-contexts/esp-and-english-for-academic-purposes",
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      "title": "ESP and English for academic purposes | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "ESP and English for academic purposes: ESP starts with communication in a particular domain. EAP focuses on academic tasks such as reading arguments, taking…"
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      "path": "/tesol/resources/learning-and-teaching-contexts/clil-content-and-language-together",
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      "title": "CLIL: content and language together | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "CLIL: content and language together: CLIL develops subject understanding through an additional language. Plan a content objective and a language objective…"
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      "path": "/tesol/resources/learning-and-teaching-contexts/designing-a-needs-analysis",
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      "title": "Designing a needs analysis | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Designing a needs analysis: Ask about target situations, current difficulties, previous learning and practical constraints. Combine what learners say with a…"
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      "path": "/tesol/resources/learning-and-teaching-contexts/class-size-shared-languages-and-interaction",
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      "title": "Class size, shared languages and interaction | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Class size, shared languages and interaction: Group size and language backgrounds change the organisation of practice. Large classes need visible…"
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      "path": "/tesol/resources/learning-and-teaching-contexts/one-to-one-and-online-teaching-contexts",
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      "expandedEditorialWords": 460,
      "title": "One-to-one and online teaching contexts | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "One-to-one and online teaching contexts: One-to-one teaching allows targeted feedback but can make the learner dependent on the teacher. Online lessons add…"
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      "path": "/tesol/resources/learners-as-individuals/learner-histories-and-language-backgrounds",
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      "title": "Learner histories and language backgrounds | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Learner histories and language backgrounds: Learners at the same overall level bring different literacy experiences, languages and opportunities to…"
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      "path": "/tesol/resources/learners-as-individuals/learning-preferences-without-fixed-labels",
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      "title": "Learning preferences without fixed labels | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Learning preferences without fixed labels: Preferences describe what a learner currently likes or finds useful. They do not justify assigning a permanent…"
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      "path": "/tesol/resources/learners-as-individuals/cognitive-and-memory-strategies",
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      "title": "Cognitive and memory strategies | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Cognitive and memory strategies: Useful strategies include retrieval, grouping related expressions and noticing how language is used. Simply rereading a…"
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      "path": "/tesol/resources/learners-as-individuals/managing-language-learning-anxiety",
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      "description": "Managing language-learning anxiety: Anxiety can prevent learners from showing what they know. Build predictable routines, offer rehearsal and avoid turning…"
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      "description": "Learner training and inclusive participation: Make strategies explicit: name the strategy, model it, let learners try it and discuss its usefulness.…"
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      "path": "/tesol/resources/what-do-teachers-do/teacher-roles-before-during-and-after-a-task",
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      "description": "Teacher roles before, during and after a task: A teacher’s role changes with the purpose of the lesson stage. Before a task, organise and model. During it,…"
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      "path": "/tesol/resources/what-do-teachers-do/building-rapport-through-genuine-interest",
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      "title": "Building rapport through genuine interest | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Building rapport through genuine interest: Rapport grows through respectful attention and reliable behaviour. Learn names, remember relevant interests and…"
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      "path": "/tesol/resources/what-do-teachers-do/real-questions-and-display-questions",
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      "title": "Real questions and display questions | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Real questions and display questions: A display question checks knowledge the teacher already has; a real question seeks information the teacher does not…"
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      "path": "/tesol/resources/what-do-teachers-do/eliciting-and-clarifying-language",
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      "title": "Eliciting and clarifying language | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Eliciting and clarifying language: Eliciting helps reveal existing knowledge. Use a clear clue or context and allow brief thinking time. If learners do not…"
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      "path": "/tesol/resources/what-do-teachers-do/monitoring-for-evidence",
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      "title": "Monitoring for evidence | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Monitoring for evidence: Monitoring is purposeful observation, not simply walking around. Decide what to listen or look for: task completion, interaction,…"
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      "path": "/tesol/resources/what-do-teachers-do/observation-and-reflective-role-choices",
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      "title": "Observation and reflective role choices | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Observation and reflective role choices: Observation is most useful when it focuses on a question and records events rather than broad judgements. Compare…"
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    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/maintaining-learner-motivation/motivation-changes-over-time",
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      "title": "Motivation changes over time | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Motivation changes over time: Motivation can vary within a lesson and across a course. Attendance, participation and task completion may reflect practical…"
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    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/maintaining-learner-motivation/relevance-and-learner-goals",
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      "expandedEditorialWords": 442,
      "title": "Relevance and learner goals | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Relevance and learner goals: Learners are more likely to see value in tasks that connect to their own purposes. Make the connection explicit, but do not…"
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      "path": "/tesol/resources/maintaining-learner-motivation/autonomy-through-meaningful-choices",
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      "title": "Autonomy through meaningful choices | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Autonomy through meaningful choices: Choice can support ownership when alternatives are manageable and all serve a useful objective. Unlimited choice can…"
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      "path": "/tesol/resources/maintaining-learner-motivation/mastery-feedback-and-visible-progress",
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      "title": "Mastery, feedback and visible progress | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Mastery, feedback and visible progress: Progress becomes visible when learners compare performances against a specific goal. Feedback should identify what…"
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      "path": "/tesol/resources/maintaining-learner-motivation/rapport-safety-and-belonging",
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      "expandedEditorialWords": 426,
      "title": "Rapport, safety and belonging | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Rapport, safety and belonging: Learners need to feel that effort and mistakes will be treated respectfully. A positive group climate includes listening,…"
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      "title": "Personalisation and achievable challenge | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Personalisation and achievable challenge: Tasks can invite personal meaning while protecting choice and privacy. Match challenge to current ability with…"
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      "path": "/tesol/resources/introduction-to-analysing-language/from-phonemes-to-whole-texts",
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      "title": "From phonemes to whole texts | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "From phonemes to whole texts: Language can be analysed at several connected levels: sounds, syllables, words, phrases, sentences and texts. A small change…"
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      "path": "/tesol/resources/introduction-to-analysing-language/meaning-form-function-and-register",
      "originalCoreWords": 90,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 438,
      "title": "Meaning, form, function and register | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Meaning, form, function and register: Meaning concerns the message; form concerns its spoken or written shape; function concerns what a speaker is doing;…"
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      "path": "/tesol/resources/introduction-to-analysing-language/parts-of-speech-in-context",
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      "title": "Parts of speech in context | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Parts of speech in context: Word class depends on how a word is functioning in a sentence. Nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, determiners,…"
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    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/introduction-to-analysing-language/content-words-and-grammar-words",
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      "title": "Content words and grammar words | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Content words and grammar words: Content words often carry the main lexical message; function words help express relationships and grammatical meaning. This…"
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    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/introduction-to-analysing-language/auxiliaries-and-modal-verbs",
      "originalCoreWords": 91,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 437,
      "title": "Auxiliaries and modal verbs | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Auxiliaries and modal verbs: Be, have and do help form structures such as progressive forms, perfect forms, questions and negatives. Modal auxiliaries…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/introduction-to-analysing-language/selecting-language-for-a-syllabus",
      "originalCoreWords": 91,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 444,
      "title": "Selecting language for a syllabus | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Selecting language for a syllabus: A syllabus can organise grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation, functions and skills. Select language because it supports a…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/introduction-to-researching-language/building-a-language-analysis-record",
      "originalCoreWords": 89,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 441,
      "title": "Building a language analysis record | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Building a language analysis record: Before teaching, record a contextual example, the intended meaning, the form and relevant pronunciation features. Add…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/introduction-to-researching-language/researching-with-coursebooks",
      "originalCoreWords": 96,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 451,
      "title": "Researching with coursebooks | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Researching with coursebooks: A coursebook provides a teaching context and a selected slice of language. Examine the example sentences and the task before…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/introduction-to-researching-language/using-teacher-notes-to-anticipate-problems",
      "originalCoreWords": 87,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 452,
      "title": "Using teacher notes to anticipate problems | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Using teacher notes to anticipate problems: Teacher notes often identify form errors, tricky contrasts and suggested classroom procedures. Use them as…"
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    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/introduction-to-researching-language/reference-books-dictionaries-and-evidence",
      "originalCoreWords": 85,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 441,
      "title": "Reference books, dictionaries and evidence | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Reference books, dictionaries and evidence: Different resources answer different questions. A learner dictionary can clarify pronunciation and common word…"
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    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/introduction-to-researching-language/modals-of-obligation-and-advice",
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      "title": "Modals of obligation and advice | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Modals of obligation and advice: Distinguish necessity, permission, prohibition, optionality and advice. “Mustn’t” and “don’t have to” are especially easy…"
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    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/introduction-to-researching-language/anticipating-and-prioritising-learner-problems",
      "originalCoreWords": 96,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 450,
      "title": "Anticipating and prioritising learner problems | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Anticipating and prioritising learner problems: Predict difficulties with meaning, word order, morphology, stress and connected speech, then choose the ones…"
    },
    {
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      "expandedEditorialWords": 451,
      "title": "What learners need to know about a word | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "What learners need to know about a word: Knowing a word involves more than matching it to a translation. Learners may need its meaning, spoken and written…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/teaching-vocabulary/pictures-realia-mime-and-definitions",
      "originalCoreWords": 82,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 445,
      "title": "Pictures, realia, mime and definitions | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Pictures, realia, mime and definitions: Choose a presentation technique that makes the intended meaning visible. Realia can clarify concrete objects; mime…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/teaching-vocabulary/efficient-eliciting",
      "originalCoreWords": 88,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 454,
      "title": "Efficient eliciting | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Efficient eliciting: Elicit when learners may know an item and when their responses will inform the lesson. Make the clue specific and keep the process…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/teaching-vocabulary/concept-checking-vocabulary",
      "originalCoreWords": 89,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 447,
      "title": "Concept checking vocabulary | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Concept checking vocabulary: A useful concept check targets a likely confusion with simple language. It should require the learner to make a meaningful…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/teaching-vocabulary/collocation-chunks-and-appropriate-use",
      "originalCoreWords": 86,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 451,
      "title": "Collocation, chunks and appropriate use | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Collocation, chunks and appropriate use: Words occur in recurrent combinations. Recording a useful chunk helps learners use the item with an appropriate…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/teaching-vocabulary/vocabulary-practice-recycling-and-retrieval",
      "originalCoreWords": 83,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 441,
      "title": "Vocabulary practice, recycling and retrieval | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Vocabulary practice, recycling and retrieval: Move from recognising meaning to retrieving the expression and using it. Recycling should include earlier…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/language-functions/function-versus-grammatical-form",
      "originalCoreWords": 79,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 426,
      "title": "Function versus grammatical form | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Function versus grammatical form: A grammatical structure can perform several functions. A question may request an action; a statement may warn or invite.…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/language-functions/context-and-communicative-intention",
      "originalCoreWords": 92,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 437,
      "title": "Context and communicative intention | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Context and communicative intention: Meaning is shaped by who is speaking, to whom, where and why. A short phrase can achieve different things in different…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/language-functions/register-and-appropriacy",
      "originalCoreWords": 98,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 440,
      "title": "Register and appropriacy | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Register and appropriacy: Register is the way language choices fit the situation and relationship. A grammatically accurate sentence can still sound too…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/language-functions/formulaic-expressions-and-useful-chunks",
      "originalCoreWords": 86,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 434,
      "title": "Formulaic expressions and useful chunks | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Formulaic expressions and useful chunks: Common expressions allow learners to participate before they can construct every phrase independently. Teach a…"
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    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/language-functions/teaching-suggestions-and-responses",
      "originalCoreWords": 88,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 430,
      "title": "Teaching suggestions and responses | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Teaching suggestions and responses: A functional lesson needs both the initiating expression and ways to respond. Learners must be able to accept, refuse…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/language-functions/designing-a-functional-language-lesson",
      "originalCoreWords": 90,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 444,
      "title": "Designing a functional-language lesson | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Designing a functional-language lesson: Begin with a context and a communicative outcome, provide a model exchange and help learners notice useful choices.…"
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    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/text-and-discourse/cohesion-and-coherence",
      "originalCoreWords": 79,
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      "title": "Cohesion and coherence | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Cohesion and coherence: Cohesion concerns visible links between parts of a text. Coherence concerns whether the message makes sense as a whole. Adding more…"
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    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/text-and-discourse/reference-words-and-clear-pronouns",
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      "title": "Reference words and clear pronouns | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Reference words and clear pronouns: Pronouns and determiners can connect a text and avoid unnecessary repetition. The reader still needs a clear referent.…"
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    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/text-and-discourse/lexical-cohesion-and-word-families",
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      "expandedEditorialWords": 439,
      "title": "Lexical cohesion and word families | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Lexical cohesion and word families: Texts connect ideas through repeated key words, related vocabulary and broader terms. Uncontrolled synonym replacement…"
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    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/text-and-discourse/ellipsis-and-substitution",
      "originalCoreWords": 81,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 423,
      "title": "Ellipsis and substitution | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Ellipsis and substitution: Some language can be omitted or replaced when the surrounding text makes it recoverable. Learners need to identify what is…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/text-and-discourse/linkers-and-logical-relationships",
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      "expandedEditorialWords": 426,
      "title": "Linkers and logical relationships | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Linkers and logical relationships: Connectors can signal contrast, addition, cause, result or sequence. Teach the relationship and the grammatical pattern…"
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    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/text-and-discourse/genre-purpose-and-text-organisation",
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      "expandedEditorialWords": 441,
      "title": "Genre, purpose and text organisation | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Genre, purpose and text organisation: A genre brings expectations about purpose, audience and organisation. A complaint, story and report need different…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/sounds-of-english/sounds-and-letters-are-different",
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      "title": "Sounds and letters are different | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Sounds and letters are different: English spelling does not map onto speech one letter at a time. Count what is pronounced in a specified variety, not just…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/sounds-of-english/consonants-place-manner-and-voicing",
      "originalCoreWords": 92,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 423,
      "title": "Consonants: place, manner and voicing | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Consonants: place, manner and voicing: Consonants can be described by where airflow is affected, how it is affected and whether the vocal folds vibrate.…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/sounds-of-english/vowels-monophthongs-and-diphthongs",
      "originalCoreWords": 103,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 438,
      "title": "Vowels, monophthongs and diphthongs | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Vowels, monophthongs and diphthongs: Vowel quality depends on the shape of the vocal tract. A monophthong has a relatively steady quality, whereas a…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/sounds-of-english/schwa-and-unstressed-syllables",
      "originalCoreWords": 98,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 430,
      "title": "Schwa and unstressed syllables | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Schwa and unstressed syllables: Schwa /ə/ frequently occurs in unstressed syllables in many English varieties. It helps explain why spelling-based…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/sounds-of-english/phonemic-transcription-and-accent-variation",
      "originalCoreWords": 94,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 430,
      "title": "Phonemic transcription and accent variation | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Phonemic transcription and accent variation: Phonemic transcription represents contrasts in a pronunciation model. It is a learning tool, not a claim that…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/sounds-of-english/minimal-pairs-and-cross-language-differences",
      "originalCoreWords": 93,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 432,
      "title": "Minimal pairs and cross-language differences | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Minimal pairs and cross-language differences: Minimal pairs differ in one phoneme and can reveal a useful contrast. A first-language comparison may suggest…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/stress-rhythm-and-intonation/word-stress-and-syllable-awareness",
      "originalCoreWords": 80,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 415,
      "title": "Word stress and syllable awareness | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Word stress and syllable awareness: Prominence helps listeners recognise words. When recording new vocabulary, show the syllable count and the main stressed…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/stress-rhythm-and-intonation/sentence-stress-and-contrastive-focus",
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      "expandedEditorialWords": 419,
      "title": "Sentence stress and contrastive focus | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Sentence stress and contrastive focus: Prominence can highlight new information, a correction or a contrast. Different stressed words can change what a…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/stress-rhythm-and-intonation/rhythm-and-connected-speech",
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      "expandedEditorialWords": 415,
      "title": "Rhythm and connected speech | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Rhythm and connected speech: Prominent syllables and reduced unstressed material shape the rhythm of many English utterances. Real speech is variable;…"
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    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/stress-rhythm-and-intonation/strong-and-weak-forms",
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      "expandedEditorialWords": 418,
      "title": "Strong and weak forms | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Strong and weak forms: Some common grammar words have different prominent and reduced forms. The choice depends on context, including emphasis and sentence…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/stress-rhythm-and-intonation/intonation-attitude-and-speech-grouping",
      "originalCoreWords": 93,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 420,
      "title": "Intonation, attitude and speech grouping | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Intonation, attitude and speech grouping: Pitch movement and grouping contribute to how an utterance is interpreted. The same words may convey interest,…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/stress-rhythm-and-intonation/question-tags-and-communicative-meaning",
      "originalCoreWords": 90,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 421,
      "title": "Question tags and communicative meaning | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Question tags and communicative meaning: Question tags combine grammatical choices with an interactional purpose. A speaker may seek confirmation or invite…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/teaching-pronunciation/intelligibility-and-pronunciation-goals",
      "originalCoreWords": 90,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 401,
      "title": "Intelligibility and pronunciation goals | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Intelligibility and pronunciation goals: A practical pronunciation goal is successful understanding in the learner’s likely interactions. Accent difference…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/teaching-pronunciation/reception-before-and-alongside-production",
      "originalCoreWords": 90,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 408,
      "title": "Reception before and alongside production | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Reception before and alongside production: Hearing a difference and producing it are related but distinct abilities. Diagnose both. A learner may produce a…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/teaching-pronunciation/modelling-mouth-position-and-visual-cues",
      "originalCoreWords": 84,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 410,
      "title": "Modelling, mouth position and visual cues | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Modelling, mouth position and visual cues: A model should be audible, natural and focused on the feature being taught. A mirror, gesture or mouth-position…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/teaching-pronunciation/drilling-backchaining-and-connected-phrases",
      "originalCoreWords": 82,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 410,
      "title": "Drilling, backchaining and connected phrases | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Drilling, backchaining and connected phrases: Brief drilling can help learners rehearse an unfamiliar sound sequence. Backchaining builds a phrase from the…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/teaching-pronunciation/pronunciation-in-grammar-and-vocabulary-lessons",
      "originalCoreWords": 89,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 418,
      "title": "Pronunciation in grammar and vocabulary lessons | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Pronunciation in grammar and vocabulary lessons: Pronunciation need not be a separate lesson. New grammar and vocabulary have spoken forms that learners…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/teaching-pronunciation/feedback-and-transfer-to-communication",
      "originalCoreWords": 88,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 412,
      "title": "Feedback and transfer to communication | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Feedback and transfer to communication: Select pronunciation feedback from evidence of a difficulty or a useful learning opportunity. Recast, gesture,…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/focus-on-listening-skills/interactive-and-non-interactive-listening",
      "originalCoreWords": 91,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 415,
      "title": "Interactive and non-interactive listening | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Interactive and non-interactive listening: In interactive listening, the listener may ask questions or request repetition. A recording or lecture often…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/focus-on-listening-skills/gist-and-specific-information-tasks",
      "originalCoreWords": 90,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 415,
      "title": "Gist and specific-information tasks | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Gist and specific-information tasks: A gist task asks for the overall situation or message. A specific-information task asks for selected details. Give the…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/focus-on-listening-skills/top-down-support-and-bottom-up-decoding",
      "originalCoreWords": 93,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 422,
      "title": "Top-down support and bottom-up decoding | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Top-down support and bottom-up decoding: Listeners use background knowledge as well as the speech signal. A context can help them predict, but prediction…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/focus-on-listening-skills/pre-while-and-post-listening-stages",
      "originalCoreWords": 86,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 420,
      "title": "Pre-, while- and post-listening stages | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Pre-, while- and post-listening stages: Before listening, establish context and a manageable purpose. During listening, use tasks appropriate to the text…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/focus-on-listening-skills/matching-tasks-to-text-and-learner-needs",
      "originalCoreWords": 91,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 417,
      "title": "Matching tasks to text and learner needs | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Matching tasks to text and learner needs: Choose a response that fits how the information is organised. Directions may suit a map; timetables may suit a…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/focus-on-listening-skills/transcripts-replay-and-authentic-speech",
      "originalCoreWords": 92,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 422,
      "title": "Transcripts, replay and authentic speech | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Transcripts, replay and authentic speech: A transcript can help learners notice where understanding broke down, but giving it immediately can replace…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/focus-on-reading-skills/reading-purpose-and-strategy-choice",
      "originalCoreWords": 86,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 425,
      "title": "Reading purpose and strategy choice | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Reading purpose and strategy choice: Readers vary how they read according to their purpose. A timetable, story and set of instructions do not demand…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/focus-on-reading-skills/skimming-and-reading-for-gist",
      "originalCoreWords": 83,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 414,
      "title": "Skimming and reading for gist | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Skimming and reading for gist: Skimming seeks the main idea, organisation or purpose without resolving every unfamiliar word. Give a short, realistic task…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/focus-on-reading-skills/scanning-for-specific-information",
      "originalCoreWords": 90,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 431,
      "title": "Scanning for specific information | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Scanning for specific information: Scanning locates a particular item such as a name, price or date. The reader knows what to look for and may use visual…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/focus-on-reading-skills/top-down-knowledge-and-bottom-up-reading",
      "originalCoreWords": 96,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 425,
      "title": "Top-down knowledge and bottom-up reading | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Top-down knowledge and bottom-up reading: Readers use knowledge of topics, text conventions, vocabulary and sentence structure together. Background…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/focus-on-reading-skills/staging-a-reading-lesson",
      "originalCoreWords": 87,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 419,
      "title": "Staging a reading lesson | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Staging a reading lesson: Generate interest, establish a purpose, move from an achievable overall task to more detailed reading, and finish with a response.…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/focus-on-reading-skills/authentic-texts-extensive-reading-and-dictionaries",
      "originalCoreWords": 92,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 432,
      "title": "Authentic texts, extensive reading and dictionaries | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Authentic texts, extensive reading and dictionaries: An authentic text was created for communication outside a language exercise. Suitability depends on…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/focus-on-speaking-skills/communication-versus-oral-language-practice",
      "originalCoreWords": 92,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 423,
      "title": "Communication versus oral language practice | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Communication versus oral language practice: Speaking can rehearse a target structure or communicate a genuinely new message. Both can be useful, but they…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/focus-on-speaking-skills/information-gap-tasks",
      "originalCoreWords": 85,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 404,
      "title": "Information-gap tasks | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Information-gap tasks: An information gap gives partners different information that they need to combine. If both learners can see every answer, the task…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/focus-on-speaking-skills/role-play-and-realistic-outcomes",
      "originalCoreWords": 81,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 408,
      "title": "Role play and realistic outcomes | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Role play and realistic outcomes: A role play needs a situation, a purpose and enough information to sustain the exchange. Give learners preparation time…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/focus-on-speaking-skills/discussion-surveys-and-presentations",
      "originalCoreWords": 78,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 405,
      "title": "Discussion, surveys and presentations | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Discussion, surveys and presentations: Discussions work better when there is a question worth answering. Surveys add repeated interaction and a reason to…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/focus-on-speaking-skills/preparation-confidence-and-equal-participation",
      "originalCoreWords": 81,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 409,
      "title": "Preparation, confidence and equal participation | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Preparation, confidence and equal participation: Planning time, useful phrases and small-group rehearsal can lower the barrier to speaking. Assign roles or…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/focus-on-speaking-skills/monitoring-and-fluency-feedback",
      "originalCoreWords": 84,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 405,
      "title": "Monitoring and fluency feedback | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Monitoring and fluency feedback: During a fluency task, listen for meaning, interaction and recurring language needs. Correct immediately when communication…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/focus-on-writing-skills/purpose-audience-and-an-authentic-writing-task",
      "originalCoreWords": 93,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 429,
      "title": "Purpose, audience and an authentic writing task | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Purpose, audience and an authentic writing task: A writing task becomes clearer when learners know who will read it and why. Producing isolated accurate…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/focus-on-writing-skills/model-texts-and-genre-noticing",
      "originalCoreWords": 83,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 417,
      "title": "Model texts and genre noticing | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Model texts and genre noticing: A model can demonstrate how a text achieves its purpose. Ask learners to notice organisation, useful language and tone…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/focus-on-writing-skills/planning-drafting-and-revising",
      "originalCoreWords": 86,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 413,
      "title": "Planning, drafting and revising | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Planning, drafting and revising: Writing involves generating ideas, organising them, drafting and revising. These processes can recur rather than follow one…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/focus-on-writing-skills/peer-feedback-and-collaborative-writing",
      "originalCoreWords": 86,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 410,
      "title": "Peer feedback and collaborative writing | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Peer feedback and collaborative writing: Peer feedback works best with a small, understandable focus. Learners need to know how to describe a useful…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/focus-on-writing-skills/corrective-feedback-and-correction-codes",
      "originalCoreWords": 93,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 424,
      "title": "Corrective feedback and correction codes | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Corrective feedback and correction codes: Choose feedback according to the objective and learner’s ability to revise. Direct correction, a marked error…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/focus-on-writing-skills/differentiation-and-digital-writing-support",
      "originalCoreWords": 94,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 427,
      "title": "Differentiation and digital writing support | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Differentiation and digital writing support: Adjust support while retaining the writing purpose. Some learners need a frame or word bank; others can add…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/integrating-skills/receptive-and-productive-skills-in-one-task",
      "originalCoreWords": 77,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 421,
      "title": "Receptive and productive skills in one task | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Receptive and productive skills in one task: Reading and listening are receptive; writing and speaking are productive. Real tasks often connect them. Merely…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/integrating-skills/primary-skills-and-supporting-skills",
      "originalCoreWords": 89,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 427,
      "title": "Primary skills and supporting skills | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Primary skills and supporting skills: A task can involve several skills while developing one most directly. Identify the main objective so feedback and time…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/integrating-skills/active-listening-in-a-speaking-lesson",
      "originalCoreWords": 80,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 419,
      "title": "Active listening in a speaking lesson | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Active listening in a speaking lesson: Communication includes attending to another person, requesting clarification and responding to what was said. Teach…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/integrating-skills/reading-into-writing",
      "originalCoreWords": 83,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 418,
      "title": "Reading into writing | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Reading into writing: A model text or information source can support writing, but the two purposes should be distinguished. Learners may read to understand…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/integrating-skills/listening-notes-and-spoken-reports",
      "originalCoreWords": 78,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 417,
      "title": "Listening, notes and spoken reports | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Listening, notes and spoken reports: Taking notes transforms spoken information into a usable record. A later report provides a reason to select and…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/integrating-skills/clil-and-a-four-skills-project",
      "originalCoreWords": 86,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 422,
      "title": "CLIL and a four-skills project | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "CLIL and a four-skills project: A content task can naturally integrate language skills when learners need to understand, discuss and explain subject…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/practising-new-language-items/why-knowing-a-rule-is-not-enough",
      "originalCoreWords": 95,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 419,
      "title": "Why knowing a rule is not enough | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Why knowing a rule is not enough: Recognising an explanation does not guarantee timely use during communication. Practice helps learners retrieve and…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/practising-new-language-items/choral-and-individual-oral-practice",
      "originalCoreWords": 92,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 422,
      "title": "Choral and individual oral practice | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Choral and individual oral practice: Choral practice lets learners rehearse together; individual turns allow the teacher to hear specific needs. Neither…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/practising-new-language-items/backchaining-and-substitution-drills",
      "originalCoreWords": 86,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 412,
      "title": "Backchaining and substitution drills | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Backchaining and substitution drills: Backchaining rehearses a sequence from its final part; substitution practice changes a selected element within a known…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/practising-new-language-items/controlled-written-practice",
      "originalCoreWords": 86,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 418,
      "title": "Controlled written practice | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Controlled written practice: Matching, completing and transforming sentences can focus attention on a particular pattern. Context still matters: an item can…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/practising-new-language-items/interactive-and-personalised-practice",
      "originalCoreWords": 81,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 398,
      "title": "Interactive and personalised practice | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Interactive and personalised practice: A practice task can retain a language focus while inviting true information. Repetition becomes more purposeful when…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/practising-new-language-items/sequencing-practice-and-responding-to-errors",
      "originalCoreWords": 92,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 421,
      "title": "Sequencing practice and responding to errors | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Sequencing practice and responding to errors: A move from controlled to freer work can be helpful, but sequence should respond to learner readiness. Some…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/teaching-language-items-reactively/preselected-and-emergent-language",
      "originalCoreWords": 90,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 426,
      "title": "Preselected and emergent language | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Preselected and emergent language: Preselected language is chosen before the lesson; emergent language becomes useful because of learners’ actual messages.…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/teaching-language-items-reactively/the-communication-monitoring-and-feedback-cycle",
      "originalCoreWords": 82,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 416,
      "title": "The communication, monitoring and feedback cycle | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "The communication, monitoring and feedback cycle: Set a task that invites a meaningful exchange, monitor what learners can and cannot express, respond to…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/teaching-language-items-reactively/selecting-language-from-learner-output",
      "originalCoreWords": 90,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 428,
      "title": "Selecting language from learner output | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Selecting language from learner output: Select a manageable number of items that are useful, recurring or important to the message. Include successful…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/teaching-language-items-reactively/scaffolding-during-communication",
      "originalCoreWords": 85,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 405,
      "title": "Scaffolding during communication | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Scaffolding during communication: A prompt, a word, a question frame or a brief model can help a learner continue. The support should preserve learner…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/teaching-language-items-reactively/delayed-feedback-and-respectful-correction",
      "originalCoreWords": 88,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 427,
      "title": "Delayed feedback and respectful correction | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Delayed feedback and respectful correction: Anonymous examples can make feedback less personal and more analytical. Preserve enough context for learners to…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/teaching-language-items-reactively/repeating-tasks-and-working-with-a-syllabus",
      "originalCoreWords": 86,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 418,
      "title": "Repeating tasks and working with a syllabus | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Repeating tasks and working with a syllabus: Reactive teaching can complement a prescribed syllabus. Choose tasks related to the planned aims while allowing…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/organizing-and-managing-a-class/interaction-patterns-and-classroom-organisation",
      "originalCoreWords": 86,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 424,
      "title": "Interaction patterns and classroom organisation | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Interaction patterns and classroom organisation: Whole-class, individual, pair and group work serve different purposes. Change the pattern when it improves…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/organizing-and-managing-a-class/clear-instructions-and-checking-the-task",
      "originalCoreWords": 80,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 427,
      "title": "Clear instructions and checking the task | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Clear instructions and checking the task: Instructions should state the action, grouping, time and outcome in manageable language. Demonstration often…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/organizing-and-managing-a-class/group-dynamics-and-psychological-safety",
      "originalCoreWords": 82,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 417,
      "title": "Group dynamics and psychological safety | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Group dynamics and psychological safety: Language learning requires taking interpersonal risks. Establish respectful listening, manageable challenge and a…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/organizing-and-managing-a-class/whiteboards-and-shared-online-records",
      "originalCoreWords": 87,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 419,
      "title": "Whiteboards and shared online records | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Whiteboards and shared online records: A visible record should help learners recover meaning, form and examples. Organise the space so new language is…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/organizing-and-managing-a-class/grading-teacher-language",
      "originalCoreWords": 83,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 402,
      "title": "Grading teacher language | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Grading teacher language: Adjust vocabulary, sentence complexity and chunking to the learners’ needs while retaining natural grammar and rhythm. Shouting,…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/organizing-and-managing-a-class/monitoring-fast-finishers-and-awkward-numbers",
      "originalCoreWords": 86,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 412,
      "title": "Monitoring, fast finishers and awkward numbers | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Monitoring, fast finishers and awkward numbers: Plan for differences in pace and group size before the lesson. Extensions should deepen the task rather than…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/teaching-young-learners-and-teenagers/understanding-age-groups-without-stereotypes",
      "originalCoreWords": 88,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 425,
      "title": "Understanding age groups without stereotypes | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Understanding age groups without stereotypes: Age can affect attention, literacy, interests and independence, but learners within an age group differ. Use…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/teaching-young-learners-and-teenagers/very-young-learners-and-concrete-experience",
      "originalCoreWords": 86,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 408,
      "title": "Very young learners and concrete experience | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Very young learners and concrete experience: Very young learners often benefit from concrete reference, predictable actions and brief, clear routines.…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/teaching-young-learners-and-teenagers/young-learners-routines-and-supported-independence",
      "originalCoreWords": 85,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 423,
      "title": "Young learners: routines and supported independence | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Young learners: routines and supported independence: Predictable routines reduce the language needed to organise a task. Visual steps and a model help…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/teaching-young-learners-and-teenagers/teenagers-relevance-and-participation",
      "originalCoreWords": 85,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 417,
      "title": "Teenagers, relevance and participation | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Teenagers, relevance and participation: Teenagers may value peer relationships, identity and meaningful choice. Provide topics that allow engagement without…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/teaching-young-learners-and-teenagers/project-based-lessons",
      "originalCoreWords": 84,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 430,
      "title": "Project-based lessons | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Project-based lessons: A project needs a question, an achievable product, staged support and an audience. Assign roles and checkpoints so that participation…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/teaching-young-learners-and-teenagers/adapting-setup-content-and-classroom-management",
      "originalCoreWords": 91,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 434,
      "title": "Adapting setup, content and classroom management | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Adapting setup, content and classroom management: Age-appropriate teaching involves how a task is introduced, paced and supported as well as its topic.…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/teaching-at-different-levels/cefr-and-practical-can-do-objectives",
      "originalCoreWords": 88,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 404,
      "title": "CEFR and practical can-do objectives | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "CEFR and practical can-do objectives: Proficiency descriptions focus on what learners can understand and do. A level label is a broad guide, not a complete…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/teaching-at-different-levels/supporting-beginners-and-elementary-learners",
      "originalCoreWords": 84,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 409,
      "title": "Supporting beginners and elementary learners | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Supporting beginners and elementary learners: Lower-level learners may need short instructions, a visible model and limited choices before a task. Support…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/teaching-at-different-levels/extending-intermediate-and-advanced-learners",
      "originalCoreWords": 82,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 404,
      "title": "Extending intermediate and advanced learners | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Extending intermediate and advanced learners: Higher-level work can require nuance, justification, interaction management and greater independence. More…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/teaching-at-different-levels/adapting-receptive-tasks-at-different-levels",
      "originalCoreWords": 86,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 421,
      "title": "Adapting receptive tasks at different levels | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Adapting receptive tasks at different levels: The same text can support different tasks, but some texts remain inaccessible without substantial support.…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/teaching-at-different-levels/teaching-grammar-at-different-levels",
      "originalCoreWords": 89,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 411,
      "title": "Teaching grammar at different levels | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Teaching grammar at different levels: The same broad grammar area may be revisited with different meanings, contrasts and degrees of precision. Choose a…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/teaching-at-different-levels/mixed-level-differentiation-and-teacher-handover",
      "originalCoreWords": 91,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 421,
      "title": "Mixed-level differentiation and teacher handover | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Mixed-level differentiation and teacher handover: Differentiate support and extension while keeping a shared purpose where possible. Record what helps the…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/choosing-and-using-teaching-resources/evaluating-materials-for-learner-needs",
      "originalCoreWords": 88,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 399,
      "title": "Evaluating materials for learner needs | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Evaluating materials for learner needs: Materials should fit the learners’ purposes, language level, age and access needs. Attractive design is only one…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/choosing-and-using-teaching-resources/teacher-suitability-and-preparation-demands",
      "originalCoreWords": 95,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 410,
      "title": "Teacher suitability and preparation demands | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Teacher suitability and preparation demands: A resource can be educationally useful but impractical for the available preparation time. Evaluate…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/choosing-and-using-teaching-resources/context-cost-and-language-focus",
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      "expandedEditorialWords": 420,
      "title": "Context, cost and language focus | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Context, cost and language focus: Materials must work within real constraints: equipment, class size, time, assessment expectations and the English learners…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/choosing-and-using-teaching-resources/authentic-materials-and-resource-types",
      "originalCoreWords": 90,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 411,
      "title": "Authentic materials and resource types | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Authentic materials and resource types: Coursebooks, readers, images, real objects and public texts provide different opportunities. Authentic materials…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/choosing-and-using-teaching-resources/keep-supplement-remove-and-replace",
      "originalCoreWords": 97,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 421,
      "title": "Keep, supplement, remove and replace | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Keep, supplement, remove and replace: Adaptation may keep an effective stage, add support, remove an irrelevant section or replace an unsuitable activity.…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/choosing-and-using-teaching-resources/differentiation-and-reviewing-resource-impact",
      "originalCoreWords": 91,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 411,
      "title": "Differentiation and reviewing resource impact | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Differentiation and reviewing resource impact: Offer different support or extension where learners face different barriers. Review the material after use:…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/teaching-with-limited-resources/resources-versus-resourcefulness",
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      "expandedEditorialWords": 426,
      "title": "Resources versus resourcefulness | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Resources versus resourcefulness: Limited equipment does not remove the need for planning. Begin with a useful outcome and identify the information,…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/teaching-with-limited-resources/dictogloss-and-collaborative-reconstruction",
      "originalCoreWords": 86,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 421,
      "title": "Dictogloss and collaborative reconstruction | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Dictogloss and collaborative reconstruction: In dictogloss, learners listen for meaning, take limited notes and reconstruct a text collaboratively. The aim…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/teaching-with-limited-resources/learner-generated-content",
      "originalCoreWords": 75,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 399,
      "title": "Learner-generated content | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Learner-generated content: Learners can contribute knowledge, preferences and imagined experiences as teaching material. Give a structure so contributions…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/teaching-with-limited-resources/surveys-polls-and-group-reports",
      "originalCoreWords": 80,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 410,
      "title": "Surveys, polls and group reports | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Surveys, polls and group reports: A survey can generate repeated questions, active listening and meaningful reporting. Keep questions answerable and the…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/teaching-with-limited-resources/pictures-objects-and-the-classroom-as-material",
      "originalCoreWords": 80,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 422,
      "title": "Pictures, objects and the classroom as material | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Pictures, objects and the classroom as material: Simple objects can create rich tasks when learners must describe, compare, classify or solve a problem. The…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/teaching-with-limited-resources/low-resource-adaptations-across-contexts",
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      "expandedEditorialWords": 417,
      "title": "Low-resource adaptations across contexts | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Low-resource adaptations across contexts: A useful task structure can often move between a large class, a private lesson and an online setting. Adapt who…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/using-educational-technology/start-with-learners-and-learning-benefits",
      "originalCoreWords": 87,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 404,
      "title": "Start with learners and learning benefits | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Start with learners and learning benefits: Choose a tool because it improves a learning opportunity: feedback, access, interaction or independent practice.…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/using-educational-technology/synchronous-and-asynchronous-learning",
      "originalCoreWords": 91,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 417,
      "title": "Synchronous and asynchronous learning | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Synchronous and asynchronous learning: Synchronous work happens at an agreed time; asynchronous work can happen at different times. Each has different…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/using-educational-technology/usability-compatibility-and-cost",
      "originalCoreWords": 82,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 395,
      "title": "Usability, compatibility and cost | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Usability, compatibility and cost: Check how learners will enter the task, what devices they use and which features require payment. Test the actual…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/using-educational-technology/accessibility-privacy-and-learner-information",
      "originalCoreWords": 88,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 414,
      "title": "Accessibility, privacy and learner information | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Accessibility, privacy and learner information: Digital participation can be affected by small text, inaccessible navigation or unnecessary data collection.…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/using-educational-technology/autonomy-content-creation-and-critical-judgement",
      "originalCoreWords": 93,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 413,
      "title": "Autonomy, content creation and critical judgement | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Autonomy, content creation and critical judgement: A tool can support independent practice when learners know what to do, how to interpret feedback and when…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/using-educational-technology/evaluating-impact-and-planning-a-fallback",
      "originalCoreWords": 90,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 406,
      "title": "Evaluating impact and planning a fallback | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Evaluating impact and planning a fallback: After using a tool, review the evidence: what learners produced, what improved and which access problems arose. A…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/developing-as-a-teacher/professional-development-through-everyday-teaching",
      "originalCoreWords": 85,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 410,
      "title": "Professional development through everyday teaching | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Professional development through everyday teaching: Development can come from planning, teaching, feedback, reading, observation and discussion. Choose an…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/developing-as-a-teacher/the-reflective-learning-cycle",
      "originalCoreWords": 86,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 415,
      "title": "The reflective learning cycle | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "The reflective learning cycle: A reflective cycle connects an experience, a review of evidence, an explanation and a new experiment. Reflection should move…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/developing-as-a-teacher/teacher-beliefs-and-classroom-evidence",
      "originalCoreWords": 89,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 423,
      "title": "Teacher beliefs and classroom evidence | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Teacher beliefs and classroom evidence: Beliefs influence what teachers notice and choose. Examine them against classroom evidence and learner perspectives.…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/developing-as-a-teacher/peer-observation-and-useful-feedback",
      "originalCoreWords": 84,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 414,
      "title": "Peer observation and useful feedback | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Peer observation and useful feedback: A supportive observation begins with an agreed focus and records observable events. Feedback can distinguish…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/developing-as-a-teacher/reading-communities-and-development-pathways",
      "originalCoreWords": 92,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 428,
      "title": "Reading, communities and development pathways | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Reading, communities and development pathways: Professional reading and teacher communities can broaden options, but ideas need to be evaluated in context.…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/developing-as-a-teacher/a-six-month-professional-learning-plan",
      "originalCoreWords": 89,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 413,
      "title": "A six-month professional learning plan | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "A six-month professional learning plan: A development plan needs a priority, an activity, a timescale and evidence of change. Keep it manageable alongside…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/preparing-for-the-workplace/choosing-a-teaching-role",
      "originalCoreWords": 85,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 401,
      "title": "Choosing a teaching role | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Choosing a teaching role: A suitable role depends on learners, responsibilities, support, location and working conditions as well as title. Clarify your…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/preparing-for-the-workplace/presenting-qualifications-and-teaching-evidence",
      "originalCoreWords": 90,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 424,
      "title": "Presenting qualifications and teaching evidence | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Presenting qualifications and teaching evidence: An application should describe qualifications accurately and connect experience to the role. Evidence can…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/preparing-for-the-workplace/answering-interview-questions",
      "originalCoreWords": 93,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 418,
      "title": "Answering interview questions | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Answering interview questions: Strong interview answers connect a decision to a concrete teaching example and its result. Prepare to discuss language…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/preparing-for-the-workplace/questions-to-ask-an-employer",
      "originalCoreWords": 82,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 400,
      "title": "Questions to ask an employer | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Questions to ask an employer: An interview is also a chance to understand the working context. Ask about learners, materials, induction, observation,…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/preparing-for-the-workplace/time-management-and-professional-relationships",
      "originalCoreWords": 79,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 397,
      "title": "Time management and professional relationships | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Time management and professional relationships: Sustainable work needs realistic preparation routines, clear communication and shared expectations. Reusable…"
    },
    {
      "path": "/tesol/resources/preparing-for-the-workplace/wellbeing-and-a-realistic-transition-plan",
      "originalCoreWords": 92,
      "expandedEditorialWords": 421,
      "title": "Wellbeing and a realistic transition plan | TESOL Learning Hub",
      "description": "Wellbeing and a realistic transition plan: Teaching involves emotional and practical demands. A transition plan can identify support, manageable goals and…"
    }
  ]
}
